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现在完成时（The present perfect tense）讲义
东山三中 英语备课组
一、构成：助动词have / has＋p.p（动词的过去分词）
二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。
用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。
※ 副词的位置：
※ ①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后， He has just come .
②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。 Have you ever been to the farm？
④before用于句末， The woman has never heard of that before.
⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末. We have already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：
① for＋表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years.
② since＋表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986.
③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句 I have lived here since I was born.
④ since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。
例如 I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years.
How long has he lived here?
四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days
He has been to Beijing three times this year.
He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）
He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）
五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。
He has come back.（√）
He has come back for two hours.（×）
※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.
We haven’t seen him since 1999.
六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has come back for two weeks.（错）
改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）
I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）
改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）
（2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）
It is 3 years since he joined the League. （正）
I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）
It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）
He has died for 20 years. （错）
It is 20 years since he died. （正）
（3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has left home for 20 years.
改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.
He has lost his pen for 2 days.
改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.
（4）用系表结构来改写.
He has died for 20 years.
改为: He has been dead for 20 years.
The factory has opened since 1999.
改为:The factory has been open since 1999.
How long has he left?
改为:How long has he been away?
（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bought the book for two weeks.
改为:He has had the book for two weeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow / lend→keep, buy→have, finish / end→be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be away（from）,go to school→be in school / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost, become→be, return / come back / get back→be back, join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold, begin to study→study,
他参军已有三年.
He has joined the army for three years.（错）
改为: He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.
He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
It is three years since he joined the army.
Three years has passed since he joined the army.
七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?
一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.
（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。
如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）
I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）
I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）
I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）
The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）
The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）
（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等
八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:
1) 原形中的元音字母有变化:
get-got-got, sit –sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine –shone- shone
find- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood
understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung
2) 原形中的辅音字母有变化:
make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built
send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent
3) 在原形后加t或d:
spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard
pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid
4) 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:
feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt –spelt keep-kept-kept
sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold
tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought
bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn
5) 与原形相同:
hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read
set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut
还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:
1)原形中的元音字母有变化:
ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum
begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk
2) 在原形上加－en:
eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written
be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten
3)在原形上加－n:
see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-taken
mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown
grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown
4)在过去式上加－n:
steal-stole-stolen break-broken–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken
6) 与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become
7) 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:
do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain
个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:
learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell – smelled-smelled
learnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smelt
wake -waked-waked spelled-spelled
woke-woken spell -spelt –spelt
九、用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I"ve (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I"ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it"s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven"t received his letter for almost a month.
现在完成时态中考必考的4个方面内容
1．现在完成时态与一般过去时态的（动作都发生在过去，它们的）区别是什么？
现在完成时态的动作发生在过去，而且它与现在有联系，过去的动作导致现在的状态，它强调的是现在的情形。有时含有“到目前为止发生过什么事”之意。但一般过去时只说明过去发生的动作，往往有过去的时间。现在完成时一般没有过去的时间。请同学们认真比较下面的句子：
1) I"ve seen him this morning.(在上午的时说的这句话)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了，上午已成为过去时间)
2) Who"s opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
4) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
5）He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
6) I"ve lost my pen. (笔还没找到）
I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
7) 11) He has been there. (曾去过哪）
He was there.（当时在哪）
8) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了)
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意，与现在的情形无关）
区别在于：
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn"t handed in his paper? 强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He"s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
2 since和for的 比较
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
扩展与总结：since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
3． 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I"ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn"t come back until ten o"clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o"clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don"t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I"m sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
4. 区别have/has gone to与 have/has been in/ to的用法
“have/has gone to"表示“人去了某地，当前不在说话的现场”，
"have/has been to “:前者后者表示“人去过某地，并已回来”。
试比较：
--He has gone to Beijing .(他去北京了，他不在说话的现场。)
--He has been to Beijing .（他曾去过北京，已回来了。）
1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。
2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如：
I"ve just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如：
I"ve been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：
-Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？
-He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。
练习：
（1） He came to our village two years ago.
=He our village since two years ago.
（2）He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days.
（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago.
（4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=I the book for 5 days.
（5）The film has begun= The film for half an hour.
（6）I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for 10 years.
（7）There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years.
（8）Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense:
1. It （rain）for a week.
2. I don’t know this woman. I （meet, never）her.
3.－Let’s go to the cinema.－No, I （see, already）the film.
4. We （finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute?
5. John （come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute.
6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he （be）there ten times.
7. －Where’s John? －He just （go）to the teachers’ office.
8. She （study）English since she was ten. She （begin）to study English when she was ten.
9. Jim isn’t here. He （go）to the library. He （go）there an hour ago.
10. He （travel, never）on a train in her life.
11. I （buy）the bike two weeks ago. I （have）this bike since the beginning of this month. I （have）it for two weeks.
12. Great changes （take place）in those villages in the last ten years, Great changes （take place, also）in my home－town in the last ten years.
13. How many times you （phone）me these days? you （phone）me this morning?
14. Tom can’t get into the room because he （lost）the key to the door.
15. I （look）for the dictionary, but I （find not）it yet.
16. － the new programmes （start）yet?－No, they （plan,still）
18. We （live）in Shanghai from 1989 to 1999. We （live）for 10 years.
19. They can’t go with us. They （finish, not）the work yet.
20. You （change, not ）your mind, haven’t you?
21.We must pay for the library book if we （lost）it.
22. He has already finished his homework.（改为否定句）
He finished his homework .
23.－ I hear your father （be）to Japan once.－Yes. He （go）there last year.
24. －When you （buy）the book?－I （have）it for two weeks.
25. Such a thing （happen, never）in the village before.
责任编辑：李芳芳
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